Across Europe, district heating plays very different roles in national energy systems. Differences in market penetration, fuel mix, ownership and funding models help explain why some countries are close to full decarbonisation while others face substantial delivery and investment challenges.
Data centres, producing consistent waste heat, offer a key opportunity for decarbonising homes and businesses. Early planning, co-location, and modular design can unlock investment, improve efficiency, and turn waste heat into a sustainable urban energy resource.